ASSIGNMENT
about
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
about
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Supervising Lecturers : Didik Susetiyanto,
S.Kep.Ns
 |
Dwi Wulansari
I-A
2012.49.025
ACADEMY OF NURSING DHARMA HUSADA KEDIRI
2012
PREFACE
Praise
to Alloh SWT, who has given his blessing and guidance si that the paper
entitled “The Respiratory
System”
can be completed property. The author is fully aware that the preparation of
this paper can be solved with the help of various parties, either directly or
indirectly. For this, the author humbly thank :
-
God Almighty, who has given his
grace
-
My English lecturer, Mr. Didik
Susetiyanto,S.Kep,Ns
-
All my friends who have helped,
and
-
All participants who helped
complete this paper.
The
author is fully aware that the preparation of this paper still has many shortcomings,
the suggestions and criticism is expected. Finally, the author hope that what
is presented in this paper can provide a benefit to us all. Amin.
Kediri, Februari 2013
The
Writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. i
PREFACE .................................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I :
INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1
1.1.
Issue Background
...................................................... 1
1.2.
Formulation of
the problem ....................................... 1
1.3.
The purpose …............................................................ 1
CHAPTER II :
DISCUSSION ............................................................... 2
II.1.Definiton and Functions............................................. ... 2
II.1.1.Definition……………………………………
2
II.1.2.Respiratory System Function …………….... 2
II.2.Structure or Respiratory Tract histology..................... . 3
II.2.1.Respiratory tract or respiratory system……. 3
II.2.2.
Organs of the respiratory system……….. 4
CHAPTER III: MECHANISM OF BREATHING………………... 9
III.1.
Respiratory Chest………………………………………………… 9
III.2. Breathing
Abdominal……………………………………………. 9
III.3.
Respiratory System Disorders……………………………………
10
CHAPTER IV : CLOSING ..................................................................... 11
IV.1. Conclusion ............................................................... 11
IV.2. Advice ..................................................................... 11
REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCE
I.1. BACKGROUND
An organism or living things have a variety of tissues or organ systems in the body, where the system has the functions and roles as well as certain benefits for living organisms. One of the existing system in an organism the respiratory system. Respiratory system itself has the function and role of the very structural and coordinated.
In the science of histology, respiratory system will be discussed in detail even to the anatomy, so that we can determine what organs and channels participating role in delivering oxygen (O2) that we breathe.
Therefore Mr.Didik Susetiyanto, S. Kep, Ns as lecturer on English language courses in college Akper Dharma Husada Kediri assign tasks to students especially writers who get a job with the title "Respiratory System".
I.2. FORMULATING OF THE PROBLEM
1.
Definition And Function Of The Respiratory System
2. Channel structure or histology, organs and mechanisms perrnapasan
3. Disorders of the respiratory system
I.3. THE PURPOSE
The core purpose of the preparation of the paper is nothing else and nothing not to fulfill the task in histology courses given by Mr.Didik Susetiyanto, S. Kep, Ns. other than that, that we understand what is meant by the system and respiratory function and histological structure of the respiratory system.
2. Channel structure or histology, organs and mechanisms perrnapasan
3. Disorders of the respiratory system
I.3. THE PURPOSE
The core purpose of the preparation of the paper is nothing else and nothing not to fulfill the task in histology courses given by Mr.Didik Susetiyanto, S. Kep, Ns. other than that, that we understand what is meant by the system and respiratory function and histological structure of the respiratory system.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN
II.1. DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTION
II.1.1.Definition
The
respiratory system is a system whose function is to absorb oxygen and emit
carbon dioxide in the body that aims to maintain homeostasis. This function is
called respiration. The respiratory system starts from the nasal cavity / mouth
to the alveoli, where oxygen exchange occurs in the alveoli and carbon dioxide
with the blood vessels.
Respiration is a process from oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide expenditure to the use of energy in the body.
The respiratory system or the respiratory system includes all the gas exchange occurs between the atmosphere through the nasal cavity Þ Þ pharynx larynx trachea Þ Þ Þ bronchi of the lungs Þ Þ alveolar cells through the blood capillary walls.
Respiration is a process from oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide expenditure to the use of energy in the body.
The respiratory system or the respiratory system includes all the gas exchange occurs between the atmosphere through the nasal cavity Þ Þ pharynx larynx trachea Þ Þ Þ bronchi of the lungs Þ Þ alveolar cells through the blood capillary walls.
The
respiratory system is usually divided into two main areas:
1. Part conduction, including the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
2. Part respiration, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Most of the respiratory epithelium coated conductive parts, namely storied cylindrical ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. Using an electron microscope it can be seen there are 5 types of epithelial cell respiration is cylindrical ciliated cells, mucous goblet cells, brush cells (brush cells), basal cell, and small granule cells.
1. Part conduction, including the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
2. Part respiration, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Most of the respiratory epithelium coated conductive parts, namely storied cylindrical ciliated epithelium with goblet cells. Using an electron microscope it can be seen there are 5 types of epithelial cell respiration is cylindrical ciliated cells, mucous goblet cells, brush cells (brush cells), basal cell, and small granule cells.
II.1.2.Respiratory System Function
Every
system in the human body in particular, would have a role and function of each.
Respiratory system too, this system also has its own function in the body that
has been coordinated by the appropriate channels and certain organs the brain
commands.
The function of the respiratory system itself are as follows:
Þ As organ systems that are used for gas exchange
Þ The respiratory system is used to carry air into the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Þ Serves to absorb oxygen and emit carbon dioxide in the body that aims to maintain homeostasis (respiration).
The function of the respiratory system itself are as follows:
Þ As organ systems that are used for gas exchange
Þ The respiratory system is used to carry air into the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Þ Serves to absorb oxygen and emit carbon dioxide in the body that aims to maintain homeostasis (respiration).
II.2.. STRUCTURE
OR RESPIRATORY TRACT histology
II.2.1.Respiratory tract or
respiratory system
Respiration
is the exchange of gases, namely oxygen (O ²) that the body needs for cell
metabolism and carbon dioxide (CO ²) resulting from the metabolism are removed
from the body through the lungs.
The respiratory system consists of:
• upper respiratory channels. In this part of the air that enters the body warmed and humidified disarung.
• Line the bottom of breath. This part delivers the incoming air from the upper tract to the alveoli
• Alveoli: exchanging O2 and CO2 gas anatara
• Pulmonary Circulation. Arteries to the lungs, while the left pulmonary veins.
• Lungs: consisting of: a. The lower respiratory tract, b. Alveoli, c. pulmonary circulation
• Pleural cavity. Comprised of two serous membranes, which meluputi wall in the chest cavity is called the parietal pleura, and lung or pleural covering veseralis
• The cavity and chest wall. Is a musculoskeletal pump that regulates the exchange of gases in the respiratory process.
• upper respiratory channels. In this part of the air that enters the body warmed and humidified disarung.
• Line the bottom of breath. This part delivers the incoming air from the upper tract to the alveoli
• Alveoli: exchanging O2 and CO2 gas anatara
• Pulmonary Circulation. Arteries to the lungs, while the left pulmonary veins.
• Lungs: consisting of: a. The lower respiratory tract, b. Alveoli, c. pulmonary circulation
• Pleural cavity. Comprised of two serous membranes, which meluputi wall in the chest cavity is called the parietal pleura, and lung or pleural covering veseralis
• The cavity and chest wall. Is a musculoskeletal pump that regulates the exchange of gases in the respiratory process.
II.2.2. Organs of the
respiratory system
Organs of the human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs (bronchial, and alveolar brokiolus). Here's the explanation:
Figure 1. Organs of Human Respiratory System
Organs of the human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs (bronchial, and alveolar brokiolus). Here's the explanation:
Figure 1. Organs of Human Respiratory System
2.1 Nose
Hollow structure called the nasal cavity (nasal cavity). Having short hair and thick to filter the air and catch dirt in with the air.
Nasal cavity consists of vestibule and nasal fossa. In the vestibule around the nares are sebaceous glands and vibrisa (nose hairs). Epithelium in the vestibule is a respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossa. In the nasal fossa (cavum nasi) is divided in two by a medial septum nasi on the line, there conchae (superior, medium, inferior) on each lateral wall. Konka media and inferior covered by respiratory epithelium, while the superior conchae are covered by olfactory epithelium that is specific to the function of sniffing / smelling. Olfactory epithelium consists of cells backer / sustentakuler cells, olfactory cells (bipolar neurons with dendrites that extends on the surface of olfactory and ciliated epithelium, serves as a receptor and have axons that bersinaps the brain olfactory neurons), basal cell (pyramid-shaped) and Bowman glands the lamina propria. Bowman gland produces secretions that clean the cell cilia olfactory neurons to facilitate access to smell substances. The existence vibrisa, Konka and vascularization typical in the nasal cavity making every incoming air experience cleaning, humidifying and warming before going further.
Hollow structure called the nasal cavity (nasal cavity). Having short hair and thick to filter the air and catch dirt in with the air.
Nasal cavity consists of vestibule and nasal fossa. In the vestibule around the nares are sebaceous glands and vibrisa (nose hairs). Epithelium in the vestibule is a respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossa. In the nasal fossa (cavum nasi) is divided in two by a medial septum nasi on the line, there conchae (superior, medium, inferior) on each lateral wall. Konka media and inferior covered by respiratory epithelium, while the superior conchae are covered by olfactory epithelium that is specific to the function of sniffing / smelling. Olfactory epithelium consists of cells backer / sustentakuler cells, olfactory cells (bipolar neurons with dendrites that extends on the surface of olfactory and ciliated epithelium, serves as a receptor and have axons that bersinaps the brain olfactory neurons), basal cell (pyramid-shaped) and Bowman glands the lamina propria. Bowman gland produces secretions that clean the cell cilia olfactory neurons to facilitate access to smell substances. The existence vibrisa, Konka and vascularization typical in the nasal cavity making every incoming air experience cleaning, humidifying and warming before going further.
2.2 Pharynx
Points of intersection between the respiratory tract in the front (anterior) and the gastrointestinal tract on the back (posterior). Nasopharynx lined by
respiratory epithelium at the contact with the soft palate, while oropharyngeal
squamous type epithelium
coated / sprawl.
2. 3 Larynx
Larynx or pharynx (Adam's apple) located on the back (posterior) pharynx. This organ consists of nine composition of cartilage (cartilage) in the form box. The larynx is the part that connects the pharynx to the trachea. In the lamina propria laryngeal cartilages are hyaline and elastin, which serves as a valve that prevents the entry of food and as a source of sound in phonation function. Epiglottis is overhung from the edge of the larynx, pharynx, and has spread to the surface of the lingual and laryngeal. Lingual and apical parts of the epiglottis is covered by squamous epithelium layers, while the laryngeal surface of the respiratory epithelium is covered by stratified ciliated bersilindris. Under the epithelium there is a mixture of mucous and serous glands.
Under the epiglottis, forming two folds mukosanya that extends into the lumen of the larynx: a couple fold up to form the false vocal cords (vestibular plika) consisting of the respiratory epithelium and serous glands, as well as vocal folds down to form a true layered epithelium consisting of flat, ligament vocalist (elastin fibers) and muscular vocalist (skeletal muscle). Muscles muscular vocalist will help to generate sounds with different frequencies.
1.4 Trachea
Push out the dust and bakeries with cilia-cilia movement in the trachea.
The surface of the trachea lined by respiratory epithelium. There are serous
glands in the lamina propria and C-shaped hyaline cartilage (horseshoe), which
is at the free end posterior trachea. Mucosal fluid produced by goblet cells
and gland cells form a layer that allows the movement of the cilia to encourage
foreign particles. While the hyaline cartilage serves to keep the tracheal
lumen open. At the open end (the free end) hyaline cartilage that there is a
horseshoe-shaped ligament fibroelastis and file smooth muscle that allows
setting of the lumen and prevent excessive distension.
1.5 Lung (Pulmo)
The lungs in humans there is a pair that occupies most of the cavum
thoracis. Both lungs pleural wrapped consisting of two layers of the pleura
visceralis interconnected and parietal pleura.
Þ Structure Lung (Pulmo)
Functional
units of the lungs called lobules primerius covering all the structures from
the terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, atrium,
saccus alveolar, and alveoli together with blood vessels, lymph, nerve fibers,
and jarinmgan binder.
Lobules in the peripheral lung paruberbentuk peripheral Pyramidal or conical bottom, while to fill the gaps of which are irregularly shaped lobuli toward the central basis.
Branch last dalamlobulus bronchioles usually called terminal bronchioles. Unity lungs maintained by the terminal bronchioles called acinus. respiratory bronchioles
It has a diameter of about 0.5mm. This channel initially limited by cylindrical epithelial cell layer Cilia without a trophy, then epithelium kuboid replaced by a layer of epithelium without cilia.
Lobules in the peripheral lung paruberbentuk peripheral Pyramidal or conical bottom, while to fill the gaps of which are irregularly shaped lobuli toward the central basis.
Branch last dalamlobulus bronchioles usually called terminal bronchioles. Unity lungs maintained by the terminal bronchioles called acinus. respiratory bronchioles
It has a diameter of about 0.5mm. This channel initially limited by cylindrical epithelial cell layer Cilia without a trophy, then epithelium kuboid replaced by a layer of epithelium without cilia.
Below are
the epithelial cells of connective tissue containing collagen woven smooth
muscle cells and elastic serbut. Within its walls are not there anymore
cartilage.
On the walls of respiratory bronchioles gland was not found. Here and there is a protrusion of the alveolar walls with most epitelnya went away. Due to the wall of alveoli bronchioles then the channel is called respiratory bronchioles.
On the walls of respiratory bronchioles gland was not found. Here and there is a protrusion of the alveolar walls with most epitelnya went away. Due to the wall of alveoli bronchioles then the channel is called respiratory bronchioles.
2.5.1 bronchus
Bronchial consists of two parts,
namely the right bronchus and left bronchus. Bronchial mucosa is structurally
similar to the tracheal mucosa, the lamina propria containing serous glands,
elastic fibers, lymphocytes and smooth muscle cells. Bronchial cartilage more
irregular than in the trachea; in the larger bronchi, cartilage ring around the
entire lumen, and in line with decreasing diameter bronchi, cartilage rings
replaced by islands of hyaline cartilage.
2.5.2 bronchial
Branching bronchi which contains
smooth muscle. Bronchioles have no cartilage and glands in mucosa. Lamina propria containing smooth muscle and elastic fibers. In the
beginning there was only the distribution segment goblet cells in the
epithelium. In the larger bronchioles, epithel are stratified cylindrical ciliated epithelium, which further shortened and
more simple to be cylindrical ciliated epithelial layer or layer kuboid the
smaller terminal bronchioles. There are Clara cells in the bronchial epithelium
of terminal, non-ciliated and secretory granules that have secrete proteins
that are protective. There is also the possibility neuroepitel body function as
chemoreceptors
2.5.3 Alveolus
Surrounded by
blood capillaries bounded by the alveolar-capillary membrane where
the exchange of O2 and CO2 or external breathing. Alveolus
is a hollow structure where gas exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the air and the blood. Interalveolar septum separating
two adjacent alveoli,
septum consists of 2 layers of thin flattened
epithelium with capillaries,
fibroblasts, elastic fibers, reticuline, matrix and connective
tissue cells.
There is a type 1 alveolar
cells lining the alveolar
surface 97%, function to form a barrier with a
thickness of gas that
can be passed easily. Cytoplasm
contains many vesicles pinositotik a role in
surfactant replacement (produced by alveolar cells
type 2) and the disposal of small particulate contaminants. Between Alveolar type 1
cells are connected by desmosomes and tight
link that prevents leakage of fluid from
the tissues into the air.
Tues alveolar type 2 alveolar cells scattered among type 1, the two are attached through the link watertight and desmosomes. Two types of cells are located in the basement membrane, and can be shaped kuboid bermitosis to replace itself and the cell type 1. Cell type 2 is characterized by containing body lamela lung surfactant function produces a lower voltage pulmonary alveoli.
Tues alveolar type 2 alveolar cells scattered among type 1, the two are attached through the link watertight and desmosomes. Two types of cells are located in the basement membrane, and can be shaped kuboid bermitosis to replace itself and the cell type 1. Cell type 2 is characterized by containing body lamela lung surfactant function produces a lower voltage pulmonary alveoli.
CHAPTER
III
MECHANISM OF
BREATHING
The mechanism of the respiratory system in taking breath into
the body and into the air you breathe in two ways namely respiratory chest
and abdominal breathing.
III.1 Respiratory Chest
(Costal Breathing).
Chest breathing is breathing that involves muscle ribs between bones. Muscles between the ribs out to contract or shrink, ribs lifted up, the chest cavity enlarges causing the air pressure in the chest so small that air into the body.
Mechanisms can be distinguished as follows.
Chest breathing is breathing that involves muscle ribs between bones. Muscles between the ribs out to contract or shrink, ribs lifted up, the chest cavity enlarges causing the air pressure in the chest so small that air into the body.
Mechanisms can be distinguished as follows.
III.1.1 Phase Inspiration.
This phase in the form berkontraksinya
ribs between bones muscles so the chest
cavity enlarges, resulting in pressure
in the chest cavity is smaller than the pressure outside
so that oxygen-rich air outside entrance.
III.1.2 expiratory phase
This phase is the phase relaxation or muscle between the
ribs return to their original
position which was followed
by a decline in the
ribs so the chest cavity becomes
smaller. As a result, the pressure in the chest cavity becomes greater than
the pressure outside, so the air in the chest cavity rich in carbon dioxide
out.
III.2 Breathing Abdominal (Diaphragmatic Breathing)
Abdominal breathing
is breathing that involves the diaphragm muscle. Diaphragm on the abdominal
muscles contracted, flat diaphragm, a large volume of the chest cavity causing
the air pressure in the chest shrink so Pasuk air into the lungs.
Mechanisms can be distinguished as follows.
Mechanisms can be distinguished as follows.
III.2.1 Phase
Inspiration.
This phase in the form
berkontraksinya diaphragm muscles so the chest cavity enlarges, resulting in
pressure in the chest cavity is smaller than the pressure outside so that
oxygen-rich air outside entrance.
III.2.2
expiratory phase
This phase
is the phase diaframa muscle relaxation or return to the original position are
followed by lower ribs so that the chest cavity becomes smaller. As a result,
the pressure in the chest cavity becomes greater than the pressure outside, so
the air in the chest cavity rich in carbon dioxide out.
Humans breathe in oxygen to breathe free air and disposing of carbon dioxide into the environment. Respiration can be divided into two types, namely:
Humans breathe in oxygen to breathe free air and disposing of carbon dioxide into the environment. Respiration can be divided into two types, namely:
1. Foreign respiration (External) ie
between O2 and CO2 exchange between the blood and the air going around the
alveoli.
2. Respiration In (Internal) the exchange of O2 and CO2 from the bloodstream into body cells.
2. Respiration In (Internal) the exchange of O2 and CO2 from the bloodstream into body cells.
III.3. Respiratory System disorders
Disorders of the respiratory system
can be caused by several things such as:
Þ due to disruption of transport of O2 to cells or tissues (asphyxiation). Poisoning or noxious gases.
Þ Pneumonia. terisinya alveolus with lymph fluid due to infection or Pneumococcal pneumonia Diplokokus
Þ polyps, tonsils, and adenoids. due to airway obstruction by lymph glands
Þ inflammation; inflammation of the nasal cavity to the upper (Sinusitis), inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis), and inflammation of the pleura (Pleurisy)
Þ TBC damage to the lungs due to infection with Mycobacterium tuber culosis
Þ due to disruption of transport of O2 to cells or tissues (asphyxiation). Poisoning or noxious gases.
Þ Pneumonia. terisinya alveolus with lymph fluid due to infection or Pneumococcal pneumonia Diplokokus
Þ polyps, tonsils, and adenoids. due to airway obstruction by lymph glands
Þ inflammation; inflammation of the nasal cavity to the upper (Sinusitis), inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis), and inflammation of the pleura (Pleurisy)
Þ TBC damage to the lungs due to infection with Mycobacterium tuber culosis
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
IV.1.CONCLUSION
From the discussion described above can be drawn several conclusions, among
others:
Þ The respiratory system is a system
whose function is to absorb oxygen and emit carbon dioxide in the body that
aims to maintain homeostasis. This function is called respiration. The
respiratory system starts from the nasal cavity / mouth to the alveoli, where
oxygen exchange occurs in the alveoli and carbon dioxide with the blood
vessels.
Þ or Respiration Respiratory System is a process starting from the uptake of oxygen (O2), the expenditure of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the use of energy in the body. The respiratory system itself includes all the gas exchange occurs between the atmosphere through the nasal cavityÞ pharynx Þ larynx Þ trachea Þ bronchi Þ the lungs Þ Þ alveolar cells through the blood capillary walls.
Þ The organs of the respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs or pulmonary consisting of bronchi, and alveolar brokiolus.
Þ mechanisms include breathing costal breathing or chest breathing and abdominal breathing or diaphragmatic breathing through each of the two phases which inspiratory and expiratory respiratory involving external (outside) and internal respiration (in).
Þ disorders of the respiratory system can be caused by disruption of the transport of O2 to cells or tissues (asphyxiation) or poisoning harmful gases.
Þ or Respiration Respiratory System is a process starting from the uptake of oxygen (O2), the expenditure of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the use of energy in the body. The respiratory system itself includes all the gas exchange occurs between the atmosphere through the nasal cavityÞ pharynx Þ larynx Þ trachea Þ bronchi Þ the lungs Þ Þ alveolar cells through the blood capillary walls.
Þ The organs of the respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs or pulmonary consisting of bronchi, and alveolar brokiolus.
Þ mechanisms include breathing costal breathing or chest breathing and abdominal breathing or diaphragmatic breathing through each of the two phases which inspiratory and expiratory respiratory involving external (outside) and internal respiration (in).
Þ disorders of the respiratory system can be caused by disruption of the transport of O2 to cells or tissues (asphyxiation) or poisoning harmful gases.
IV.2.. ADVICE
To avoid an
interruption in our respiratory system, avoid air pollution and toxic gases, as
well as take care of the lungs (pulmonary) to keep them clean, because the
lungs are easily infectious disease causing tissue damage.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
4.
Junqueira LC, Carneiro J.
Histologi Dasar Teks & Atlas. 10th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007. p.
335-54. www.eksiklopediabebas.com
5.
Kuehnel. Color Atlas
of Cytology, Histology, and Microscopic Anatomy. 4th ed Stuttgart: Thieme;
2003. p. 340-51. www.eksiklopedia bebas.com
